Add chopped strawberries, granulated sugar, and lemon juice to a small saucepan and place over medium heat, stirring occasionally.
Whisk together cornstarch and water in a small bowl until smooth.
Pour the cornstarch mixture into the strawberries, stir, and cook for 3–5 minutes until thick and jammy, then remove from heat and cool completely.
Preheat the oven to 350°F (175°C) and line the muffin pan with paper cupcake liners.
In a medium bowl, whisk together flour, baking powder, and salt, then set aside.
In a large bowl, beat softened butter and granulated sugar with a mixer on medium speed for 2–3 minutes until light and fluffy.
Add eggs one at a time, beating well after each addition, then mix in vanilla extract.
In a separate bowl, whisk together milk and sour cream until smooth.
Add one-third of the dry ingredients to the butter mixture and mix on low just to combine.
Add half of the milk mixture and mix briefly, then repeat with another third of the dry ingredients, the remaining milk mixture, and finish with the last third of the dry ingredients, mixing only until just combined.
Divide the batter evenly among the 12 liners, filling each about two-thirds full.
Bake for 16–18 minutes until the tops spring back lightly to the touch and a toothpick inserted in the center comes out clean.
Transfer the pan to a wire rack and let the cupcakes cool in the pan for 5 minutes.
Remove cupcakes from the pan and cool completely on the wire rack, about 25 minutes.
While cupcakes cool, prepare the buttercream by beating softened butter on medium-high speed for 2 minutes until creamy and pale.
Gradually add powdered sugar, 1 cup at a time, mixing on low until incorporated, then increasing to medium.
Add vanilla extract, salt, and 2 tablespoons of heavy cream, then beat on medium-high for 2–3 minutes until fluffy, adding an extra tablespoon of cream if needed for a smooth piping consistency.
Once cupcakes are completely cool, use a paring knife or apple corer to cut a small 1-inch-wide, 1-inch-deep hole in the center of each cupcake, saving the top plugs.
Spoon or pipe cooled strawberry filling into each cavity, filling almost to the top.
Place the saved cake plugs back over the filling, gently pressing to level with the cupcake top.
Transfer buttercream to a piping bag and pipe swirls on top of each cupcake, or spread with an offset spatula.
Optionally, garnish with a small fresh strawberry or strawberry slice on each frosted cupcake.